Just Lather, That’s All

â€Å"Just Lather, That's All† by Hernando Tellez is about a barber who is forced to shave the beard of one of the troops, whom he wants to kill but using all of his strength not to. The barber is a rebel himself so having the enemy's face in his hands with a razor sharp enough to cut the skin was a little too much temptation. the barber is hesitant with Captain Torres. When in the presence of the Captain, the barber is forced to decide what is more important: him being an experienced barber or him being a rebel. With much hesitation he established that being a barber will be a lot safer.When the troop comes into the barber's shop, the barber starts to tremble. He recognizes him as Captain Torres. The one who gives the orders. The one who kills the rebels. The one who tell him that all the rebels will die. â€Å"‘The other boys in the group should have this much beard, too,' he remarked. I continued stirring the lather. ‘But we did all right, you know. We got the main ones. We brought back some dead, and we got some others still alive. But pretty soon they'll all be dead. ‘ ‘How many did you catch? ‘ I asked. ‘Fourteen. We had to go pretty deep into the woods to find them.But we'll get even. Not one of them comes out of this alive, not one. ‘† This is the passage where the barber and Captain Torres talk about how many rebels the Captain and his troops caught. The becomes upset but tries to not let Torres see his trembling hands. When the barber starts lathering Captain Torres' face, Torres talks more about shooting the rebel and giving the people in the town a show and a â€Å"good† lesson. The barber considers Captain Torres â€Å"A man of imagination, because who else would have thought of hanging the naked rebels and then holding target practice on their bodies? It doesn't take long for the barber to start imagining different scenarios of what would happen if he did kill Captain Torres. He wonde red if he would be a hero or be hunted down as â€Å"Captain Torres' murderer†. In this next passage, the barber imagines how easy it would be to cut his throat: â€Å"I could cut his throat so–zip, zip! I wouldn't give him time to resist and since he has his eyes closed he wouldn't see the glistening blade or my glistening eyes. But I'm trembling like a real murderer.Out of his neck a gush of blood would spout onto the sheet, on the chair, on my hands, on the floor. I would have to close the door. And the blood would keep inching along the floor, warm, ineradicable, uncontainable, until it reached the street, like a little scarlet stream. I'm sure that one solid stroke, one deep incision, would prevent any pain. He wouldn't suffer. But what would I do with the body? Where would I hide it? I would have to flee, leaving all I have behind, and take refuge far away. But they would follow until they found me. ‘Captain Torres' murderer.He slit his throat while he was shaving him– a coward. ‘ And then on the other side. ‘The avenger of us all. A name to remember. He was the town barber. No one knew he was defending out cause. ‘† he considers all of the possibilities. He doesn't want to be a murderer though. He is not Captain Torres. He is not an executioner. He is a barber, and he performs his work virtuously. In the end, Captain Torres walks out of the barber shop. Alive and well. With a clean shaven neck. He says to the barber that â€Å"‘They told me that you'd kill me. I came to find out.But killing isn't easy. You can take my word for it. ‘† This could perchance that the barber would think twice about the Captain. Maybe it isn't he who gives the orders to kill. There is a higher controlling group. They are the ones who should be taken out. Since the story ends with that last explanation, we can only infer the impact of which it had on the barber. Not everyone is who they might seem to be. An extravagant barber could be a big time rebel. No one would expect it. For all we know, Captain Torres could be a sweet-heart. He doesn't like killing people, but he has to. Just Lather, That’s All â€Å"Just Lather, That's All† by Hernando Tellez is about a barber who is forced to shave the beard of one of the troops, whom he wants to kill but using all of his strength not to. The barber is a rebel himself so having the enemy's face in his hands with a razor sharp enough to cut the skin was a little too much temptation. the barber is hesitant with Captain Torres. When in the presence of the Captain, the barber is forced to decide what is more important: him being an experienced barber or him being a rebel. With much hesitation he established that being a barber will be a lot safer.When the troop comes into the barber's shop, the barber starts to tremble. He recognizes him as Captain Torres. The one who gives the orders. The one who kills the rebels. The one who tell him that all the rebels will die. â€Å"‘The other boys in the group should have this much beard, too,' he remarked. I continued stirring the lather. ‘But we did all right, you know. We got the main ones. We brought back some dead, and we got some others still alive. But pretty soon they'll all be dead. ‘ ‘How many did you catch? ‘ I asked. ‘Fourteen. We had to go pretty deep into the woods to find them.But we'll get even. Not one of them comes out of this alive, not one. ‘† This is the passage where the barber and Captain Torres talk about how many rebels the Captain and his troops caught. The becomes upset but tries to not let Torres see his trembling hands. When the barber starts lathering Captain Torres' face, Torres talks more about shooting the rebel and giving the people in the town a show and a â€Å"good† lesson. The barber considers Captain Torres â€Å"A man of imagination, because who else would have thought of hanging the naked rebels and then holding target practice on their bodies? It doesn't take long for the barber to start imagining different scenarios of what would happen if he did kill Captain Torres. He wonde red if he would be a hero or be hunted down as â€Å"Captain Torres' murderer†. In this next passage, the barber imagines how easy it would be to cut his throat: â€Å"I could cut his throat so–zip, zip! I wouldn't give him time to resist and since he has his eyes closed he wouldn't see the glistening blade or my glistening eyes. But I'm trembling like a real murderer.Out of his neck a gush of blood would spout onto the sheet, on the chair, on my hands, on the floor. I would have to close the door. And the blood would keep inching along the floor, warm, ineradicable, uncontainable, until it reached the street, like a little scarlet stream. I'm sure that one solid stroke, one deep incision, would prevent any pain. He wouldn't suffer. But what would I do with the body? Where would I hide it? I would have to flee, leaving all I have behind, and take refuge far away. But they would follow until they found me. ‘Captain Torres' murderer.He slit his throat while he was shaving him– a coward. ‘ And then on the other side. ‘The avenger of us all. A name to remember. He was the town barber. No one knew he was defending out cause. ‘† he considers all of the possibilities. He doesn't want to be a murderer though. He is not Captain Torres. He is not an executioner. He is a barber, and he performs his work virtuously. In the end, Captain Torres walks out of the barber shop. Alive and well. With a clean shaven neck. He says to the barber that â€Å"‘They told me that you'd kill me. I came to find out.But killing isn't easy. You can take my word for it. ‘† This could perchance that the barber would think twice about the Captain. Maybe it isn't he who gives the orders to kill. There is a higher controlling group. They are the ones who should be taken out. Since the story ends with that last explanation, we can only infer the impact of which it had on the barber. Not everyone is who they might seem to be. An extravagant barber could be a big time rebel. No one would expect it. For all we know, Captain Torres could be a sweet-heart. He doesn't like killing people, but he has to.

Microsoft Vista and Home Computing Essay

In 2005, Microsoft announced that it was working on a new version of their Windows operating system that would fix many security problems that were plaguing Windows-XP users. Consequently, many software lovers eagerly anticipated the launch of the upgraded operating system, named Widows Vista. Unfortunately, after Vista was released in 2007, it disappointed most users and critics because of its lack-luster performance, high cost and incompatibility with XP software. It is worse than Windows XP, and home-computer users today are better off using Windows 7 Home Premium. Windows Vista was released five years after XP, taking longer to produce than previous versions of Windows. XP had numerous security flaws that allowed hackers to manipulate or destroy a computer user’s data or cripple network communication, and Microsoft aimed to fix these with Vista (Ricadela 2006). Viruses, spyware, trojans and other forms of malware can easily infect XP, especially when users access the internet. Microsoft’s preoccupation with fixing these bugs in XP eventually delayed the production and release of Vista (Ricciuti 2004). Unfortunately, after Vista was released in 2007, it met harsh criticism from press reviewers, corporate users and home-computing users. A corporate satisfaction survey launched in 2008 indicated that only 8% of Vista users were very satisfied compared to 40% for XP users (Keizer 2008). Netmarketshare (2010) also estimates that Vista has the smallest portion of users (14. 34%) among the currently-used Windows operating systems, with Windows 7 at second place (14. 46%) and XP with the most users at 61. 87% (2010). Home users will find it difficult to use Vista, especially if they have been used to the more stable XP operating system. XP users will realize that Vista’s system requirements are higher than XP’s. Consequently, existing users have to upgrade their computer hardware or buy a new computer altogether if they want to upgrade to Vista. Microsoft recommends at least a 1 GHz processor, 1 GB of Random Access Memory (RAM), a 128-MB video-graphics card capable of DirectX 9. 0, at least 40 GB of Hard Disk Drive (HDD) capacity with at least 15 GB of free space, and a DVD-ROM drive to install the software (Microsoft 2010). It may be possible to run Vista with less, but the performance will crawl. In reality, one needs much more than the stated requirements to achieve reasonable performance. Vista’s performance is also slower compared to XP and Windows 7. XP users will immediately notice the difference in speed when they start using Vista. Many tasks seem to crawl compared to XP. Benchmark tests run by Tom’s Hardware indicated that XP is generally faster than Vista, and the testers recommend sticking with XP because â€Å"it cannot perform better than Windows XP† (Schmid 2007). For example, basic tasks, such as copying files, are much slower than XP. Microsoft released a Service Pack upgrade to fix this problem, but ZDNet benchmark tests indicate that the upgraded Vista is still slower than XP (Kingsley-Hughes 2008). In fact, computers that were purchased pre-installed with licensed Vista software performed so poorly that customers wanted to downgrade it to XP, but retailers charged a fee for it. Consequently, customers sued Microsoft for this (Melanson 2009). Avid gamers will also be very disappointed if they use Vista in their home computers. Just like Tom’s Hardware, Techgage processed comparative tests using different games running in both Vista and XP. Naturally, XP was faster than Vista (Williams 2007). The graphics drivers of Vista are simply not developed enough, and the basic requirements of Vista itself are heavier than XP. Microsoft attempted to fix this again through a Service Pack upgrade. However, even after the â€Å"fix,† game developers still recommend Vista users to double the requirements of XP users. For instance, Capcom, the publisher of the game Devil May Cry 4, requires a minimum of 2 GB of memory for Vista users. However, XP users only need 1 GB (PC Game Requirements 2010). Some XP software and hardware are also not compatible with Vista. Existing home computer users who already spent a considerable investment in software will be frustrated again with Vista’s inability to run some of their existing computer programs such as virus scanners. Even many businesses did not bother to upgrade from XP to Vista when it was released because of this incompatibility issue (Deare 2007). The US Department of Transportation has also banned any upgrades from XP to Vista citing software incompatibility issues, costs and the lack of additional features that could prove to be useful or advantageous (McDougall 2007). Using Vista with WiFi will also be difficult. While connecting to networks with XP is not a problem, Vista sometimes refuses to connect with some networks (Claerr 2008). Even if one is able to connect to the router, the Internet may be absent or access to network files and printers may not be available. The user may also be disconnected intermittently from the router if he or she is able to connect, or the speed may be very slow. Fixes may involve upgrading routers, but if the router is not owned by the user, such as in airports, cafes or other public Wifi hotspots, then connections are not possible unless XP or other compatible operating systems are used. Vista also consumes more power than XP. This means that laptop batteries will drain faster using Vista. It is due to Vista’s higher hardware requirements that use more energy. Attempting to turn off some of Vista’s features, such as its fancy graphical interface, will make it more energy-efficient. However, doing the same with XP still makes it greener than Vista. Vista is also more expensive than XP or Windows 7. Microsoft Vista Home Premium currently retails for $239. 95 in online software retailers. On the other hand, Windows 7 Home Premium retails for only $199. 99. And if one buys a new, discounted, old-model personal computer today, with a CRT screen, a tower CPU and an extended keyboard for around 200 to 250 dollars, sometimes Windows XP is already bundled together with the entire package, making it virtually free. This is why Vista is not cost effective. Some of the new features of Vista are also not impressive compared to its predecessor, Windows XP and its successor Windows 7. The new graphical interface of Vista is more aesthetic than XP, but it slows down performance to the point where it is not worth it. The new versions of bundled software such as the internet browser, media player, email manager, photo manager, appointment manager and movie maker are either downloadable for free for XP users or available for free either from third-party vendors or packaged together with purchased hardware like cameras and scanners. The new security prompts can also be nagging or annoying. The most noticeable new feature for Vista is the Aero graphical user interface. Compared to XP, it appears more three-dimensional. The new eye candy has improved icons, animations and thumbnails that are live. The transparencies are also new. However, since Aero uses more energy, it drains the battery life of laptops. Turning it off will save power (Murph 2007). Another new feature that is immediately noticeable is the Windows Sidebar. It is a transparent panel where various applets or small programs called Desktop Gadgets can be attached or removed. These applets include gadgets such as clocks, weather information, news, photographs, currency converters and so forth. In Windows XP, a similar panel called Google Gadgets can be downloaded for free, courtesy of Google. Internet Explorer 7 also comes with Vista. This version has new features including multiple tabbed windows, the ability to zoom pages, a filter against phising (hackers attempting to gather important data such as passwords from users), additional security features, including restricting suspected malicious software from writing beyond the Temporary Internet Files folder without consent, and International Domain Name (IDN) support. However, these features and many more are included in free internet browsers such Mozilla’s Firefox and Google’s Chrome, which can be downloaded and installed using Windows XP or other operating systems for free. A new version of Windows Media Player, version 11, is also bundled with Vista. A new feature in this version allows users to search for music or video files while they type. This is called â€Å"word wheeling. † It also includes a new media library Graphical User Interface (GUI), a photo organizer and an Internet file-sharing feature. However, new versions of Media Player can be downloaded from Microsoft’s website under Windows XP for free. Moreover, there are other third-party software applications that provide free video and audio software, including codecs, to play all the latest types of media for free. Again, these can be downloaded from the Internet using XP or other operating systems. Vista also includes a new version of Outlook Express which was renamed Windows Mail. It features continuously-updated junk-mail and phishing filtering. However, there are better email management programs, such as Mozilla’s Thunderbird, that can again be downloaded for free from the Internet using XP or other operating systems. Windows email systems have also always been the prime target of hackers and malware authors, so using a different email program such as Thunderbird is more secure and safe. There are also new multimedia applications that are included In Vista, but these programs are usually included for free with the hardware that they support. For example, Vista includes Windows Photo Gallery, which allows users to import pictures from digital cameras, organize them, adjust their properties and produce slideshows. But software that is bundled for free with digital cameras is more advanced than Vista’s basic Photo Gallery. There are also new games included with Vista. A new chess and mahjong game is included. A folder is also included to organize all of the games. Unfortunately, like previous versions of Windows, the bundled games are not the type of commercial games that users like or want to play. And if they have an existing game collection already, they will run slower on Vista and may not even run at all. Vista also has speech recognition software integrated within Vista. It allows users to hear words in computer applications by allowing the computer to speak them out loud in a robotic voice that may not be comprehensible occasionally. This feature may be useful for those with visual problems, but usually the visually impaired purchase better speech recognition software such as Dragon Naturally Speaking, which is available in XP and other operating systems. Vista also has other minor new features. It has new fonts and improved international fonts. For mobile computer users, there is also a centralized control panel called the Windows Mobile Center for controlling properties needed by laptop user such as battery life, wireless connections, brightness, screen orientation and other settings. There is also a new version of Netmeeting renamed Windows Meeting Space. This allows different users to share their entire desktop or individual applications over the Internet with other users. And there is also a new version of the back up and restore application which facilitates the restoration of damaged data. The improvements however are not significantly new. In conclusion, home computer users should avoid Windows Vista altogether. If one is an existing XP user who is thinking about upgrading, one should just forget about it since it may make home computing worse. It is also overpriced. However, if one is purchasing a brand new state-of-the-art PC or laptop with an option for choosing one’s operating system, then Windows 7 is the answer. On the other hand, if one is on a budget and wishes to purchase new, discounted, old-model PCs pre-installed with licensed versions of Windows XP, then that is a satisfactory option as well. But whatever one does, one should always avoid Vista. It’s a lemon. References Claerre, J. (2008). Vista Problems With WiFi. eHow. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from http://www. ehow. com/about_5106461_vista-problems-wifi. html Deare, Steven. (2007, May 14). Gartner: App testing delaying Vista rollouts. ZDNet. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from http://www. zdnetasia. com/gartner-app-testing-delaying-vista-rollouts-62012902. htm Devil May Cry 4 Game Requirements. (2008, Jul 26). PC Game Requirements. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from http://www. pcgamerequirements. com/game-index/devil-may-cry-4-game-requirements/ Keizer, G. (2008, Mar 26). Leopard drubs Vista in corporate satisfaction survey. Computerworld. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from http://www. computerworld. com/s/article/9072218/Leopard_drubs_Vista_in_corporate_satisfaction_survey? nlid=1&source=NLT_AM Kingsley-Hughes, A. (2008, Feb 15). Vista SP1 vs. XP SP2 – Benchmarked. ZDnet. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from http://www. zdnet. com/blog/hardware/vista-sp1-vs-xp-sp2-benchmarked/1332 McDougall, P. (2007, Mar 2). Microsoft Hit By U. S. DOT Ban On Windows Vista, Explorer 7, and Office 2007. Information Week. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from http://www. informationweek. com/news/security/showArticle. jhtml? articleID=197700789 Melanson, D. (2009, Feb 16). Microsoft gets sued over Windows XP downgrade fees. Engadget. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from http://www. engadget. com/2009/02/16/microsoft-gets-sued-over-windows-xp-downgrade-fees/ Microsoft. (2010). Windows Vista Enterprise Hardware Planning Guidance. Technet. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from http://technet. microsoft. com/en-us/library/cc507845. aspx Murph, D. (2007, May 3). Vista’s Aero interface blamed for truncated battery life. Engadget. Retrieved Aug 13, 2010, from http://www. engadget. com/2007/05/04/vistas-aero-interface-blamed-for-truncated-battery-life/ Netmarketshare. (2010, Jul). Operating System Market Share. Retrieved Aug 13, 2010, from http://marketshare. hitslink. com/operating-system-market-share. aspx? qprid=10 Ricadela, A. (2006, Feb 14). Gates Says Security Is Job One For Vista. Information Week. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from http://www. informationweek.com/news/windows/microsoft_news/showArticle. jhtml? articleID=180201580 Ricciuti, M. (2004, Apr 1). Microsoft: Longhorn beta unlikely this year. Cnet News. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from http://news. cnet. com/Microsoft-Longhorn-beta-unlikely-this-year/2100-1008_3-5183385. html Schmid, P. (2007, Jan 29). Windows XP vs. Vista: The Benchmark Rundown. Tom’s Hardware. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from http://www. tomshardware. com/reviews/xp-vs-vista,1531. html Williams, Rob. (2007, Jan 29). Windows Vista Gaming Performance Reports. Techgage. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from http://techgage. com/article/windows_vista_gaming_performance_reports/2

Latino/a Sexuality and the Heteronormative

Latino/a Sexuality and the Heteronormative In his novel The Brief and Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, Junot Diaz examines Latino identities and sexuality, and the ways in which both are affected and informed by violence. This violence is enacted through institutions like the state, through representation and misrepresentation, and by the very nature of sex and sexuality. Diaz gives an analysis of identity and sexuality, pointing to the way in which it is not only formed and generated by oneself, but also put on and impressed, through violence or with violent repercussions. Reinaldo Arenas’s autobiography Before Night Falls conveys similar themes as Diaz’s novel about the way in which sexuality is policed through violence from the stateparticularly in the form of dictatorships. Arenas depicts life in Cuba at the time of Castro, discussing how Castro, and the state, presented homosexuality as evidence of being unpatriotic and against nationalism, as well as grounds for torture and imprisonment. Many of the men who engage in homosexual acts are not homosexual themselves, and it is in fact such policing that causes more sex acts to occur. This environment of violence and sexuality, then, also carries over to all other aspects of life. Similarly, Diaz discusses the way sexuality comes into play in the Dominican Republic, during the time of Trujillo. Oscar’s mother Beli falls prey to the violence of the state in the form of an attack sanctioned by Trujillo’s sister, who does not agree with her relationship with her husband, the Ga ngster. In this way Diaz, like Arenas, dismantles the idea of the state as a noble protector and enforcer of just laws, illustrating the ways in which it in fact carries out injustices, and performs its own agenda. Both authors also describe how such violent enforcement does not garner successBeli continues to have an amorous relationship with the Gangster, even after the attack, and Arenas continues to have sex with men, in fact gaining more opportunities for sex acts due to state oppression. Foucault, in his The History of Sexuality, discusses the idea of the repressive hypothesis, talking about how sexuality is thought of as having a history of repression, and discussions of sexuality have been withheld since the Victorian era. Foucault points to the inaccuracy of this claim, stating that silence itself performs a certain kind of discourse, and the repression of discourses on sexuality are instrumental in their formation. Diaz, too, discusses a similar idea regarding the withholding of informationhe relates a story in which Abelard, Oscar’s grandfather, is imprisoned and violently tortured by Trujillo for hiding away his daughter and wife from his rapacious sexual appetite. He then contrasts this narrative with mention of another possible reason for his imprisonment, relaying information about a possible book that Abelard could have written about Trujillo, displaying the supernatural qualities of Trujillo and his regime. In doing so, Diaz gives mentions la pagina blanca, the information that is missing or unknown from such narratives, and the ways in which it can speak louder than any words can. The erasure of violence from public knowledge, as well as the erasure for the reasons for its production, does not remove knowledge of its existence or its effects. In this way, sexuality and violence, even when being given the illusion of being silenced, emerge and are spoken about even through its absence from public discourse. Ricardo L. Ortiz, in his article â€Å"Cultural Erotics of Cuban America† analyses the impact of Arenas’s life and death. As a homosexual, Arenas was placed outside of the context of Cuban nationalism, even being categorized as a terrorist subject in regards to his homosexuality, and through his death, Arenas simultaneously reaffirmed his identity as a Cuban in spite of being outside of Castro’s nationalist project, and attacked him as the cause of his death. Ortiz discusses Arena’s death in a pro-life context of protest through calling attention to the flaws and injustices of the Cuban government, while claiming sexuality as an element necessary for sustaining life. Similarly, Diaz constructs a similar understanding of Oscar’s death in his novel. Oscar essentially commits suicide by choosing to stay with Ybin, in spite of knowing that her violently angry boyfriend will come after him. As Ybin’s boyfriend is employed by the state, he can be s een as a manifestation of its violence, as well as a re-embodying of the violence of state enacted in past times, to Beli. Oscar’s sexuality comes to be the cause of his death, and he comes to fulfill his Dominican identity through its expression. As such, both authors point to the nature of protest through death and beyond life, and Latino sexuality as crucial to understandings of Latino identity. Further, the state can be evidenced as manipulating representations of sexuality for its own aims. In A Queer Mother For a Nation, Licia Fiol-Matta analyzes how the state became encapsulated in the image of Gabriela Mistral, and why she became a symbol for the nation. Mistral’s masculine, gender-queer identity and demeanor allowed her to be taken seriously in spite of being female, and still encompass desired state-sanctioned feminine traits like motherhood. Mistral followed in the state’s racist rhetoric, maintaining an â€Å"othering† gaze against blacks and pushing for racial cleansing through producing more white-mixed offspring. This racist rhetoric provided the state with a language in which to â€Å"other† black populations through the passive violence of exclusion and negative representation. Similarly, Diaz presents the figure of Oscar Wao in an interestingly contradictory light. He does not possess any of the traits of a stereotypical Dominican, and throughout his life finds it extremely difficult to flirt, date, or have sex with any girls because of his extremely nerdy and socially awkward personalityeventually coming to do violence to himself in part because of his inability to perform this aspect of his identity and sexuality. In spite of this, he eventually fulfills the saying that no Dominican man dies a virgin, by having sex with his prostitute girlfriendand in doing so comes to exemplify the idea that even as an exception to the rule, he can perform his â€Å"Dominican-ness† to the fullest. As such, Diaz examines in a tongue-in-cheek manner the way Latino bodies are stereotyped, even inside of the Latino community, and the violence of this type of representation, as well as the affect it can have on identity. In this way, both authors discuss the politics of representation and the contradictory and performative nature of identity and sexuality. Philippe Bourgois, in his anthropological analysis of Puerto Rican street life depicted in In Search of Respect: Selling Crack en El Barrio performs a similar violence through his representation of Latino bodies. As an outsider to this community, Bourgois casts an â€Å"othering† gaze on Puerto Rican crack dealers and creates a culture of difference between readers (as well as himself) and the members of the community he depicts. One of the aspects of this distance comes from an eroticisation of violence in the name of providing unadulterated truth (and of course, for consumer marketability)which brings to mind questions of, when is it okay to reproduce structures of violence, when doing so produces the same violence? Diaz asks a similar question in his reproduction of stereotypes of oversexed, hypersexual Dominicans in the figures of Yunior and Oscarwhat is authorial responsibility, especially in regards to the understandings of readerships? How can this violence be avoided? Diaz himself constructs problematic depictions of females and female sexuality, describing women in a somewhat chauvinistic lightmany of the female figures are represented as objects for the males to conquer through sexual pursuit. For both authors, the replication of such structures supports and reproduces racist and sexist ideas through consumerism. Such ideas then become part of a system of capitalism, providing interesting implications regarding the â€Å"selling† of problematic constructions of identity and sexuality. And as sexuality plays a large part in understandings of the formation of identity, these types of representations can have the effect of creating an environment in which violence becomes normalized in everyday consciousness. In his theoretical work Disidentifications, Jos? Esteban Munoz discusses his theory of disidentification, stating the ways in which categorization through sexuality and race, among other things, allows for a dismissal of or limiting understandings of identity. Disidentification, then, becomes a survival strategy, a way of avoiding the way in which representation can be unrelatable, or reproduced through the systemic violence of rearticulation. Much as Munoz examines the work of Carmelita Tropicana or Marga Gomez, and how they reclaim possibly harmful representations through camp, Diaz reproduces tongue-in-cheek stereotypes of Dominican identity and sexuality, and provides alternative representations of Latino identity and sexuality through his characters. Lola, for example, is represented as having a very present sense of sexuality, but is costumed in the role of a â€Å"goth.† Both writers point to the importance of the multiplicity of identity, and find ways to articulate La tino identity and sexuality that do not conform with the violence of heteronormative ideals. Junot Diaz examines the nature of identity and sexuality in regards to Latino bodies, and the ways in which they are impressed, manipulated, or reproduced through violence. Disidentification, perhaps, provides a necessary step towards providing an alternative consciousness and understanding of identity that does not become enmeshed in the culture of differenceand asks further questions about the way hegemonic society, institutions, and normalized violence enforces and regulates these ideas. How, then, can we use disidentification to further remove ourselves from the violent and harmful heteronormative? And what are the ways we can imagine ourselves in a more broad, inclusive sense of being?

My Dream by Lucian (PDF) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My Dream by Lucian (PDF) - Essay Example Lucian uses appeal to character in comparing the two. In his dream, the two women each states how Lucian will be viewed by others in the society. This clearly shows that what had been running in Lucian’s head was about having an impressive character to his family and his friends (Lucian 42). The statue making job was well recognized in the society. Great people like Pheidias who made Zeus and Polycleitus who curved Hera were honored for their work. Myron and Praxiteles were also well known. Lucian was being convinced to take up this job because he will be worshipped like gods, his name will be great among men. Knowing that his father was not well reputable and with low income, Lucian is being assured that his father will be envied because of him and his father’s land would be remembered. Education also had its great convincing reputations. Education demotes statue making in that Lucian would just be a mere stonecutter doing manual work, a meaningless person earning very little. He won’t be a great figure among his friends. Choosing education, first, he would know about himself, his soul. He would acquaint himself with the best enhancements for soul (Lucian 33). Information on the past and the future will also not be a problem to him. He will be able to know on what happened on the past and what is going to happen in the future. He will be changed from lowly, poor boy whose father has nothing to be recognized upon to someone of great honor, respect and envy from others. Wealth and fancy clothes will be his trend. His utterance will be of wisdom heeded by everyone. They will carry a power of its own which everyone will marvel by his speech, praise him for the noble words. They will praise his father for having such o wonderful son. Lucian chooses education over statue making (Lucian23). Even though Lucian was angry of his uncle which made him choose education over statue making, his dream directly

Stakeholder research paper about ( gender bias in nursing major) Essay

Stakeholder research paper about ( gender bias in nursing major) - Essay Example These reinforce the validity of the paper. Literature review proved that gender bias is still widespread in the nursing profession. Nursing faculty ought to prepare male nursing learners to interact efficiently with female clients, as well. Playing the same therapeutic role with clients is one strategy, which might help male learners (Shoemaker 90). In essence, the faculty ought to grant equal learning opportunities to both male and female nursing students. The issue of gender typecast in relation to males in nursing is an enormous one. This can be attributed to the fact that nursing is regarded as a female profession because it began with the tenets outlines by Florence Nightingale (Shoemaker 90). This created a justifiable basis for the advancement of nursing as a respectable career option for single women, and it strengthened the notion that nursing was a woman’s job. The nurse position was looked at more submissive to the doctor and the training environment excluded males from training as nurses and isolated female nurses. Nurses are perceived as kind and caring, hence the stereotype that nursing is for women, unlike men who are seen as strong and aggressive, thus not fit for nursing (Simmons 48). Studies show that this bias has caused some of them to leave the course than the females. The findings further show that those who finished the course still felt isolated and lonely claimed that nursing is more appropriate for women (Shoemaker 95). They contend that nursing is dominated by women, and this is enhanced by the gender bias found in nursing education. Male nursing students reported experiencing discrimination from their peers and even from their lecturers in the nursing institutions. This coupled with the fact that there are not many successful role models in nursing makes it an arduous task to keep men in nursing. It is important to have male role models during the educational process of students (Simmons 39). Studies revealed that male nursing students lacked many role models among the instructors yet this is crucial because there has to be gender connectivity. Though nursing education is attempting to target males there is little being done within institutions to promote the recruitment of male instructors. Traditional nursing programs add to gender bias and discrimination against men in nursing education. A research on the experiences of male students in nursing schools shows they differ from those experienced by their female counterparts. While nursing programs treat all students studying nursing alike, they do not consider the unique learning needs and dissimilar communication styles of men. The study further showed that male nurses were seen as unmanly for choosing a nursing as a career. Their female peers and instructors had different expectations of their performance in clinical settings. The male nursing students had to be more assertive and take on leadership responsibilities when working in groups with their fe male counterparts (Shoemaker 100). They were made to take on extra duties perceived as masculine like helping with heavy lifting and transporting patients. In another study the male students distinguished themselves as minorities and that their performance was closely monitored than that of their female peers. Care giving is vital in nursing and while it comes naturally for female students it might

Tidal Power Generation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tidal Power Generation - Term Paper Example Tidal power generation essentially utilizes the vertical movement of a rising and falling water levels during high and low tide (Rajput). This difference in water levels is then used to operate a hydraulic turbine. The turbine subsequently generates power. A basic tidal power plant consists of three essential components; the dam or dyke, the sluice ways that run from the basin to sea and the power house. Each component has an essential purpose. The function of the dam or dyke is to serve as a barrier between the basin and the sea. While the sluice ways are controlled to fill or empty the basin during high or low tide. Lastly, the powerhouse contains the operational equipment for power generation. These include turbines, electric generators and other auxiliary equipment. The current technology employed to generate power through tidal power systems is divided into three major domains (Ehrlich). These domains make use of different energy characteristics of tidal waves such as their potential energy, kinetic energy, or a combination of both kinetic and potential energies. In accordance with these energy characteristics the three significant tidal power generation systems are the tidal barrage, the tidal stream generator and the dynamic tidal power generation system. The tidal barrage power generation system is a more conventional means of generating power through tidal waves (Breeze). The tidal barrage power generation system utilizes the potential energy of tidal waves. This potential energy arises from the vertical rise and fall of tidal waves. This particular system stores potential energy by allowing high tide water to be stored behind a dam or dyke in a basin. The basin serves as a reservoir. The sea and basin are connected by means of sluice ways with turbines. During high tide the water from the sea enters the basin where it is temporarily

Renaissance Humanism Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Renaissance Humanism - Thesis Example This paper seeks to determine the nature of the humanism movement during the renaissance and how it had developed through time. In this regard, analysis of the works of humanists with special focuses on their contribution to the arts shall be conducted ascertain the movement called humanism. Scholasticism pervaded much of pre-Renaissance European society. Humanism came to be as a response to the perceived insufficiency and limitations of scholastic teachings that relied too heavily on abstract thought rather than on practical experiences. The humanists proposed to educate the whole person and placed emphasis not only on intellectual achievement, but also on physical and moral development (Ehrstine and Schade, 2004; Proctor, 1998) Francesco  Petrarca,  known as Petrarch, is considered as the first great humanist. Petrarch  believed  and hoped to better the world by the study of classical literature. To promote the study of classical literature, he collected ancient texts during his travels. He studied and imitated them in Latin writings of his own, and then attempted to extend their teachings to as many other people as possible (Kreis, 2008). Aside from Petrarch, a number of scholars in Florence collected and studied ancient works, lectured about them, imitated their style, and made the city a centre of humanistic learning. Among them were Boccaccio, the scholar Niccolà ² Niccoli, and above all the Florentine government leader, Coluccio Salutati. They applied classical literary standards to everyday writing, laying a foundation for later literary development (Steele, 2009). As humanists rediscovered classical literature, subjects of sculpture were classical figures the most prominent of which is Plato. Humanists hoped to make Plato a new guide for Western thought, just as scholastic thinkers had based many of their ideas on the work of Plato’s student Aristotle (Davies, 1997) Humanists saw Roman history as a glorious episode in their own national

Web & Social Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Web & Social Media - Essay Example lemented through the proper identification of keywords, checking keywords, re-checking keywords and customising keywords as per requirements (WordStream, Inc., 2009). The on-site SEO technique of keyword research and analysis has been selected for ranking of my website owing to the reason that it provides the benefits of determining the behaviours of the people in accessing websites online and discovering more specific keyword queries rewarding better user satisfaction (SEOmoz, Inc., 2014). The on-site SEO technique of keyword research and analysis helped in ranking a website through the creation of a solid foundation based upon which, entire content creation ought to take place, which eventually results in high-ranking of search engines (SEOmoz, Inc., 2014). It can be affirmed that the business world has been changing in this modern day context with the introduction and the subsequent adoption of pioneering technological advancements. In this similar concern, relating to recent changes in the modern world, the on-site SEO technique, i.e. keyword research and analysis, possesses the ability to perform various significant activities. These activities comprise predicting variations in demand, responding towards transforming business market conditions and producing the contents, products and/or services that the web searchers are already aggressively seeking (SEOmoz, Inc., 2014). Apart from the above-elaborated keyword research and analysis SEO technique, another off-site SEO technique can be observed in terms of content writing and optimisation. Conceptually, this particular technique is regarded as a writing piece, which is mainly powered by certain specific keywords that facilitate the individuals to visit any particular webpage (Slideshare Inc., 2014). The implementation of content writing and optimisation as an off-site SEO technique evidently aids in ranking a website based upon its content presented to attract the visitors. In this regard, the particular

The Business Stone Field's Limousine Company Essay

The Business Stone Field's Limousine Company - Essay Example Demographic analysis entails demographic data such as total population and its growth, change in employee demographics in the market etc. Operational analysis includes safeguarding continuity and company development in terms of company operations. Individual analysis focuses on looking at how well an individual doing his job and determining his capacity to do new and different tasks. It shows which employee needs training and how. Heathfield (n.d.) states a distinct method of conducting training needs assessment. Training methods can be of various kinds. For instance, reading assignments, simulations, on the job training, group discussions, lectures, demonstrations, audio visual presentations, brainstorming, oral presentations, problem solving workshops, case study, role playing, field trips and unstructured group interactions. The media included can be audio tapes, video tapes, computers, manuals, guides and the suchlike. There are certain principles that can help in employee training. For example, focusing on emotional maturity, integrity and compassion; the main of this is to develop a person on the whole, including skills and knowledge. Another principle can be to focus on learning, not training specifically. All of this would also contribute to training for learning skills or facts which would be of great benefit for the company. Written material such as case studies, manuals, guides etc with personal instruction or classroom lectures can be the basis for learning. Simply reading the texts would be really helpful in understanding them on your

That Intellectual Property Right System. Commercialization of Art Essay

That Intellectual Property Right System. Commercialization of Art - Essay Example Cuban writer, Geraldo Mosquera has addressed the paradox that the globalize vortex of mixing, multiplying appropriation and re-semanticising takes place in a situation when all cultures steal from one another either from dominance or subordinations. (Welchman, 2001). Intellectual property rights system and misappropriation of indigenous knowledge without prior knowledge and consent of indigenous people bring to mind a feeling of anger and a mentality being cheated as also helpless in knowing nothing about intellectual property rights and indigenous knowledge piracy. This is equal to robbing indigenous person of their resources and knowledge through monopoly rights. The intellectual property rights system, mainly favors the industrialized countries in North having enough resources for claiming copyrights, resulting in exploitation and appropriation of hereditary assets, knowledge etc. as also the culture of local people for marketable and commercial purpose. We can also see that Intellectual Property right system ignores the contribution of the indigenous people and do not value the close interrelationship between the indigenous people and their knowledge as also the genetic resources of which the Intellectual property right system is taking advantage, and it is really painful for the original authority as the Intellectual property right system is concerned only with the benefits that they are gaining from the profit-making exploitation of these resources. There is a dire need to protect and safeguard indigenous knowledge today, as also the self determination is important. In Asian regions, many indigenous people have come together now and people have started realizing the importance and the need to protect their indigenous knowledge and culture, and aim towards reclaiming their right to self determination and indigenous knowledge. However, today slowly the indigenous people have started realizing the importance of the issue and have to give importance to the following points regarding activities related to indigenous knowledge and culture: 1) Try to strengthen indigenous people's organizations and communities, which will enable them to collectively address the local concerns related to the indigenous knowledge and the intellectual property rights system. 2) The indigenous people should continue to strengthen their self determinations , as this can help them stand against the threats by intellectual property rights systems on the indigenous knowledge and genetic resources. 3) The level of awareness among the indigenous organizations and communities should be raised more which will help them being more aware about the changing global trends and developments in the Intellectual property rights system as they apply to life forms and indigenous knowledge. (Possey & Dutfield, 1996). "Commodification of art comes under both privileging the exchange value over the work performed by art and of evaluating the importance of the materiality of the art work". "The approach to art which can be developed from Irigarays writing is a result of two factors, one the critique of commodification and of the model of experience based on specularity of male desire, and other side the rethinking of opposition between the sensible and intelligible through poetics of the elements." The

General Safety and Security Essay Example for Free

General Safety and Security Essay * Investment in surveillance camera systems by school districts ensures parents and guardians that the general safety and security of children are being addressed during schools hours and at all after-school extracurricular activities and programs. 2. Crime Deterrent * The presence of highly visible surveillance cameras at strategic locations in buildings and public areas/premises of a school property prevents theft, vandalism and acts as a deterrent to thieves and criminals from indulging in illegal activities. 3. Sexual Predators * One of the biggest threats that school children face is the threat of sexual predators and pedophiles hanging around unobtrusively on school campuses or in parking lots. Camera systems footage is very useful in tracking down predators or helping inform police about threatening situations in real time. 4. Prevent Bullying * New-generation surveillance camera systems have audio, voice and sound capturing capabilities. Teenagers bullying or harassing other students can be disciplined based on video and audio footage records. 5. Emergency Evacuation * School security personnel manning surveillance camera systems in real-time can take quick action about evacuating children, faculty and staff in case of emergencies related to fire or other potentially dangerous situations. Prevent Theft and Illegal Activities * The primary purpose of installing surveillance cameras is to act as deterrence to robbers, criminals, petty thieves and unscrupulous elements from indulging in theft, illicit and criminal activities. Security cameras are installed in bungalows, townhouses, apartment buildings, condominiums, schools, university campuses, offices, stores, malls and other public areas. These cameras monitor suspicious activities; stop theft, vandalism and shoplifting; and alert stationed security officers about real-time thefts. Staff monitoring cameras and centrally manned systems in large businesses can also inform county and state law enforcement officials about developing dangerous situations.

Chaebols vs. Keiritsu Essay Example for Free

Chaebols vs. Keiritsu Essay The essay below talks about two major business organisations of Korean Chaebols and Japanese Keiretsus. It will be discussed the differences and commonalities of Keiretsus and Chaebol; the structure, history, and how the business is run by each organisation. Also, it talks about these two business organisations after the 1997-1998 Asian Financial Crisis. How did Chaebols and Keiretsus change its management style to overcome the bankruptcy and still keep the traditional way of management. And as a conclusion

Effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Lynnette Chan Do Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Negatively Affect Memory? Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most common antidepressants prescribed to treat moderate to severe depression. SSRIs increase serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) levels in the brain by blocking serotonin reuptake. Compared to other antidepressants such as tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), SSRIs are more selective and have fewer side effects. In addition to affecting emotional moods, SSRIs can also affect food and sex related behaviors, resulting in side effects such as weight gain and reduced sexual drive (Mayo Clinic). However, recent studies indicate that serotonin also plays a â€Å"significant role in learning and memory† (Buhot, Martin, Segu 210). Given serotonin’s lack of specialized function, can SSRIs negatively affect memory function as a side effect? To answer this question, this paper will establish the association between SSRIs and serotonin levels, and then examine the relationship between SSRI use and impaired or improved memory. Since depression has been linked to a shortage of serotonin neurotransmissions, antidepressants should increase 5-HT levels. But in a comprehensive review on the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems of the hippocampus, R. Mongeau, P. Blier, and C. de Montigny found that successful SSRI treatments show both an increase and decrease of 5-HT neurotransmissions (178). This finding is unusual because SSRIs inhibit 5-HT reuptake to increase 5-HT levels and should not result in decreased 5-HT neurotransmissions. As decreased 5-HT levels do appear in successful treatments utilizing SSRIs, there must be additional factors involved in mood elevation within the serotonergic system. Regardless of the exact mechanism that allow SSRIs to treat depressive symptoms, SSRIs do increase and decrease 5-HT neurotransmissions in the brain. While the exact mechanism of how 5-HT levels affect mood remains unclear, SSRI use and changes in 5-HT levels have been linked to memory impairment. In a study investigating the role of serotonin in memory impairment, Marie-Christine Buhot, Stephanie Martin, and Louis Segu found that serotonergic activity in the brain affects memory and learning differently depending on the stimulation or inhibition of different 5-HT receptor subtypes. This study found that stimulation of the 5-HT2A/2C or 5-HT4 receptor subtypes, or inhibition of the 5-HT1A or 5-HT3 or 5-HT1B receptor subtypes improved memory and learning in high-cognitive activities (210). 5-HT receptor subtypes are differentiated by their relative distributions in the brain and their cellular locations, differentiations that explain the various effects of 5-HT receptor subtypes. For example, the 5-HT1A receptor subtype is largely concentrated in the hippocampus and interacts with the noradrenergic, dopaminergic, and GABAergic syste ms (Buhot, Martin, Segu 214). As a result, stimulating 5-HT1A receptors impairs memory. The Buhot study confirms that serotonin affects memory function and is dependent on the stimulation or inhibition of different 5-HT receptor types or subtypes. The Buhot study examined the neurotransmitter mechanisms of serotonin and memory, but it did not examine the effect of specific SSRI antidepressants on memory. In a study on the effect of short-term use of SSRIs on cognitive brain function, Jeroen A. J. Schmitt, Monique J. Kruzinga, and Wim J. Riedel found that the positive and negative effects SSRIs have on memory is caused by interactions with external neurotransmitter systems. The study conducted tests with sertraline and paroxetine, the two â€Å"most potent inhibitors of serotonin reuptake† available at the time of the study (Schmitt, Kruzinga, Riedel 173). They found that paroxetine contributed to long-term memory impairment, an effect attributed to paroxetine’s additional anticholinergic properties. On the other hand, sertraline only slightly improved verbal fluency, an effect attributed to sertraline’s additional dopaminergic effects. Although this study agrees with the Buhot study that additional neurot ransmitter interactions in serotonergic pathways contribute or prevent memory impairment, the Buhot study attributes memory functions to serotonin while the Schmitt study does not. Both the Buhot and Schmitt studies argue that SSRIs influence memory, but the two studies disagree on the mechanism that causes memory improvement and impairment. In a study examining the short-term use of the SSRI citalopram and the SNRI (serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) reboxetine and their effect emotional memory and perception, Catherine J. Harmer, Nicholas C. Shelley, Philip J. Cowen, and Guy M. Goodwin found that both citalopram and reboxetine decreased the memory and perception of negative emotions in comparison to positive emotion. Additionally, citalopram use lowered startle responses to displays of negative emotion. Unlike the Buhot and Schmitt study, this study claims that SSRI’s side effect on emotional memory and perception is actually the mechanism that makes SSRIs effective antidepressants. Perhaps SSRIs help strengthen memories of positive emotions with increased 5-HT concentrations and weaken memories of negative emotions with decreased 5-HT concen trations at different 5-HT receptor subtypes to contribute to mood elevation and regulation. SSRIs have a recognized role in memory and learning. The Buhot study argues that memory can be strengthened or weakened depending on the inhibition or stimulation of different 5-HT receptor subtypes, characterized by location and neurotransmitter pathways. On the other hand, the Schmitt study argues that SSRIs effect on memory is not caused by 5-HT levels, but by the additional effects of other neurotransmitter systems. In contrast, the Harmer study argues that the strengthening and weakening of emotional memory and perception contributes to the antidepressant properties of SSRIs. In conclusion, SSRIs can both impair and improve memory, depending on the SSRI type and their interactions with 5-HT receptor subtypes and other neurotransmitter pathways. SSRIs have been confirmed to affect memory and cognitive function, but further research is required to determine the exact mechanism of how different SSRIs affect neurotransmitters and mood. Research can explore the degree of memory impairment caused by SSRIs, and examine the neurotransmitter systems that interact most with the serotonergic system to better define neurotransmitter function. Future research can also focus on developing new antidepressants by exploring the neurotransmission systems that interact with SSRIs. Hopefully, a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of memory and the role of neurotransmitters can also provide better insight on neurodegenerative disorders that affect memory, such as Alzheimers disease. Works Cited Buhot, Marie-Christine, Stà ©phanie Martin, and Louis Segu. Role of Serotonin in Memory Impairment. Annals of Medicine 32.3 (2000): 210-21. Informa Healthcare. Web. 26 Feb. 2015. http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/07853890008998828>. Harmer, Catherine J., Nicholas C. Shelley, Philip J. Cowen, and Guy M. Goodwin. Increased Positive Versus Negative Affective Perception and Memory in Healthy Volunteers Following Selective Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibition. American Journal of Psychiatry 161.7 (2004): 1256-263. American Journal of Psychiatry. Web. 26 Feb. 2015. http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.7.1256>. Mayo Clinic. Depression (major Depressive Disorder). Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs). January 1, 2015. Accessed March 18, 2015. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/in-depth/ssris/art-20044825. Mongeau, R., P. Blier, and C. De Montigny. The Serotonergic and Noradrenergic Systems of the Hippocampus: Their Interactions and the Effects of Antidepressant Treatments. Brain Research Reviews 23.3 (1997): 145-95. Science Direct. Web. 26 Feb. 2015. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165017396000173>. Schmitt, Jeroen A. J., Monique J. Kruizinga, and Wim J. Riedel. Non-serotonergic Pharmacological Profiles and Associated Cognitive Effects of Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Journal of Psychopharmacology 15.3 (2001): 173-79. Sage Journals. Web. 26 Feb. 2015. http://jop.sagepub.com/content/15/3/173.short>.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

â€Å"A man of courage flees towards the start of indifferent things.† In the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee there are many dissimilar examples of courageous behavior. There are many different definitions of courage. Some people say that courage is being able to face their fears. Others say that courage is a person with a tough heart. In the novel, Lee describes courage as being â€Å"when you know you're licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what" (p.112). Courage is the ultimate weapon against racism, war, sexism and unfair circumstances. It can overthrow the man in the highest position and defeat the harshest of words. Courage. It’s what many characters in To Kill a Mockingbird have and know how to exploit. Courageous people make other courageous people and Scout Finch has made that impact on many. Mrs. Henrietta Dubose starts out cold and distant, but then we later realize that she is just overcoming a stage of becoming courageous. Atticus Finch also happens to be one of the boldest people that I have come into contact with. Scout, Mrs. Dubose and Atticus all have the elements of the most courageous people in the novel. Scout Finch has the spunk and brutality of a boy her age, but in the same aspect a warmer heart than most girls. She starts out being quite a tomboy. She beats people up when she doesn’t know what else will resolve her conflict, for example: when she beats up Walter Cunningham because he made her look bad. She plays with boys, including her brother Jem and friend, Dill. She has a lot to handle at such a young age for just growing up in the society of the 1930’s. Scout can conduct herself in such situations that most wouldn’t be able to manage, yet when she has her buttons pushed, she turns to the one thing she uses to express her grief, using her fists. Despite the fact she is a hitter, she uses her words to defend her father. When Mr. Cunningham was outside of the courthouse mocking Atticus for what he is planning to do for Tom Robinson Scout stood her ground for her father and reminded Mr. Cunningham of the fact he, too, was a man like Atticus with a famil y to care for, children that need him and a man trying to make a living.

Dancing With Wolves Essay -- essays research papers

1. The film Dancing with Wolves takes place in South Dakota in 1863. John Dunbar is the main character who hurts his leg in battle and is sent to the frontier on a new mission as a Lieutenant. When Dunbar arrives in South Dakota he is there alone, no one else had made their way their yet. Dunbar gradually starts to live with the Indians and become one of them getting the name Dancing with Wolves. Another main character is Standing with a Fist, who marries Dancing with Wolves. Standing with a Fist is an American who was captured but the Indians when was very young. She was used as an interrupted, but gradually fell in love with Dancing with Wolves. Another main character is Wind in his Hair. Wind in his Hair makes Dancing with Wolves comfortable in their tribe. He is Dancing with Wolves friend and the one who took care of Standing with a Fist. The Sioux Indians were the Indians who were more friendly that did not have a spirit in them always wanting war unlike the Pawnee Indians who were the Sioux enemies. 2. The beggars and thieves in the story of Dancing with Wolves were the white people. Dancing with Wolves looked on the whites as this. The Indians used everything they possibly could. For example the totanca (buffalo) was used in every way possible for it to be used. They used all the buffalo’s organs and hides of fur possible. Nothing was wasting. In the movie when Dancing with Wolves sees the stampede of buffalo he goes and tells the Sioux Indians of this. The day he an...

Paleolithic Art Essay -- Essays Papers

Paleolithic Art Paleolithic art, dating back to the late Paleolithic period 40,000-10,000 B.C. (the Stone Age), is one of the most beautiful, natural periods of cave art and clay sculptures. Created by Nomadic hunters and gatherers with ivory, wood, and bone, these figures were thought to be symbolic and have some magical or ritual relevance. Figures and drawings have been found in all parts of the world dating back to the Cro-Magnon man as late as 60,000 years ago. There are two different periods of overlapping periods. The first, dating between 14,000-13,500 B.C., is the Aurignacio-Perigordian. This period included the contents of the Lauscaux cave paintings, the many sculptures at Laussel, and the voluptuous feminine figures called Venuses (Columbia Press, 1). The second, named the Solutres-Magdalenian period, dating back to 14,000-9,500 B.C., includes murals of Rouffignac and Niaux, and the ceiling decors in Spain (Columbia Press, 1). Paleolithic art falls into two distinct categories: portable pieces and cave art. Portable art was carved from bone, stone, or modeled from clay. Most has been found in Europe, Africa, and Siberia (Encarta, 1). The cave art comprised mostly of drawings and paintings recovered in mostly Spain and France (Versaware, 1). A possible third art category is mentionable also. Rock art is comprised of carvings and drawings on rock surfaces, but little of this art has been discovered (Encarta, 1). This form of art has founded many of today’s drawings, languages, and cultures. The first discovery was in the 1860’s by French Paleontologist, Eduard Lartet. The decorations were estimated back to the Stone Age because of the use of Ice Age animal bones. Researchers soon were digging everywhere in search of objects, ignoring cave drawings (Encarta, 1). In the 1880’s, a landowner discovered a cave in Spain filled with art and structural objects. Hiding it at first, researchers revealed it to the world that helped people learn to accept cave art for what it really was, an art. Many sites were uncovered shortly after, dating back to over 32,000 years (Versaware, 1). Since 1981, archeologists have also found art outside of the caves such as engravings of humans, horses, and cattle, which were about 20,000 years old. Paleolithic findings, if surviving erosion, are now becoming more common throughout the world (Columbia, 1). .. ...ed spray paint, which was blown either out of a tube or out of their mouths (Versaware, 1). Because they had none of the advantages that we have today, their creations, which was more difficult to fully complete, can be considered a precious, unique works of art. To be sure that these items are genuinely prehistoric, radiocarbon dating was used (Encarta, 4). Scientists can determine the true age from only a tiny amount of pigment in the paint. One of the oldest, found in Europe and Asia, was carved in ivory and dates back to about 32,000 years. Another, discovered in England in 1996, was found to be about 60,000 years old (Columbia, 1)! Few endure erosion, but the survivors make excellent timelines of the era’s that remain unclear to researchers. This beautiful Stone Age present to our time suggests that art was visible and practiced from close to the beginning of time. The decorated caves and figures have helped us learn of other cultures and their distinctive expressions of life-forms. Still indistinct about the main purpose of this creative art form, archaeologists continue to dig and discover new pieces that may add to the picture and help to solve this ongoing puzzle.

Family and Young Boy Charley

Book Report â€Å"For One More Day†, By Mitch Albom Made by: Kitti Kristanti, Sec 1d For One More Day â€Å"This is a story about a family, and as there is a ghost involved, you might call it a ghost story. But every family is a ghost story  . The dead sit at our tables long after they have gone. † This is a beautiful, haunting novel about the family we love and the chances we miss. It explores the question, â€Å"What would you do if you could spend one more day with the ones you love? †Ã‚   The story  covers a conversation  Charley Benetto has with a sports writer.Throughout the conversation he goes back and forth between  the one last day he had with his mother and the important  events in his life, sharing his feelings– both past and present– about them. I particularly enjoyed the   way he shared throughout the book little vignettes of the times his mother stood up for him and the times he didn’t stand up for her. As a mother myself, I couldn’t help wondering if someday my own children would be able to look back and see with clarity the sacrifices I have made for them.Throughout the book I ‘heard’ some of the same things from the young boy Charley that I hear from my own children. It was rewarding and brought hope to see him come to a realization of how his interpretation of the events had been inaccurate and skewed by emotions in the moment. Perhaps my children will also understand someday As a young boy Charley Benetto makes the choice to be a daddy’s boy and does everything his father asks him to. Then his father disappears, leaving a broken family and an embarrassing situation for the young Charley to endure.Being raised by a single mother has it’s challenges and plenty of embarrassment, many that Charley takes out on his mother. â€Å"So he chooses his father, and he worships him- right up to the day the man disappears. An eleven-year-old Charley must then turn to his mother, who bravely raises him on her own, despite Charley’s emabarrassment and yearning for a complete family. †   Ã¢â‚¬ Decade later, Charley is a broken man. His life has been crumbled by alcohol and regret. He loses his job. He leaves his family. He hits bottom after discovering his only daughter has shut him out of her wedding.And he decides to take his own life. † â€Å"He makes a midnight ride to his small home-town, with plans to do himself in. But upon failing to do that, he staggers back to his old house, only to make an astonishing discovery. His mother- who died eight years earlier- is still living there, and welcomes him home as if nothing had ever happened. † â€Å"What follows is the one ‘ordinary’ day so many of us yearn for, a chance to make good with a lost parent, to explain family secrets, and to seek forgiveness. Somewhere between this life and the next, Charley learns the things he never knew about his mother and h er sacrifices.And he tries, with her tender guidance, to put the crumbled pieces of his life back together. † I related to this story on many levels. As a single mother myself I could relate to many of the experiences described and gained insight into what my children may be experiencing as a result of events they have no control over. As a daughter  who has at times experienced a  strained relationship with my own mother,   I gained  valuable insights into my own childhood memories and interpretations and was  reminded, again, that there is much more to the story that I do not completely understand.And as always– the betrayal revealed in the end made the recent and  painful betrayal of my own life seem small and insignificant in comparison. This clever story, told in Mitch’s masterful storytelling style, has left me with a new appreciation and understanding for those I love and has motivated me to be more intentional in valuing and cherishing the rel ationships I enjoy with those I love so that I will not be left with regrets for the experiences and the love lost. I highly recommend this book to anyone who has ever been a part of a family, who has ever lived with regrets, and who has ever questionned the value of their very existence.

Obedience to Authority

patronage of the look into The designation of this enquiry is deference of passs to endorsework hurlt depicted in obstetrical fork everyplacey privy Ryan fresh by goop Allan Collins 1. 2 Field and fair game of the playing field The field of register in this interrogation is literature while the disapprove of this query is new authorize parsimony one-on-one Ryan by ooze Allan Collins. This enquiry foc companionable make fors on how elect spends who got grade to assuage Ryan respond and adapt the spiffing ascendancy.Also, this testk bequeath apply sociological psychology of regard criticism possibility and use amiable approach. 1. Background of the study esteem in the community finish non be separated from the culture. Obedience to rules form by benignant could unbosom be considered by chaste parameters of sever alto cash in ones chipshery mortal, as well as faithfulness to the rules and desexualise of religion in public life, le sson constraints and considerations irritate us able to make bowing reverse unstable, it is different with its laws which firm, bowing to the rule of law can non be contested by whatsoever.In passs, regard to the berth of original is the highest jinx for rate soldier. jibe to lieutenant colonel Kenneth H. Winker in his paper on Air University, whole American army personnel eat made a promise to chase in the form of the enlistment curse or the com directioning oath. (Winker, 1981). Every mannericalness, with out(a) exception, stillness in the environment of force and governmental, moldiness(prenominal) be go latered wi cubic yardt asking, hesitating, or do ref utilize. adept result be punished or at least not rewarfargonf atomic number 18ded if he does not attend. charm this may be real and may both(prenominal) times provide decent reason (on teleological curtilage) for complying with societys or regulations, nonetheless, it provides grounds unaccomp anied for compliance (not faithfulness) and only in those instances where the disobedience volition be eyeshaded. We atomic number 18 more elicit in an obedience base on the spot of the shining than in a compliance due(p) to the superscripts mogul to give rewards and punishments.We atomic number 18 interested in a righteous pledge to come after even w chick no rewards or punishments be involved and when disobedience pull up stakes not even be noted. (CB. Brian M. Barry, policy-making Argument. 1965 84) One thing for sure, obedience to the situation of superior would be rewarded although in the force, the discrimination of finishance would not endlessly be rewarded, and, the ref use to the delegacy of superior will got society dropped even loss the trust, for breaking the oath, in that locationfore, obedience is perfect, could not be undermined by incorrupt refusal.As the inquiryer takes obedience in soldiery, the quarry for this search is a novel ent itled bringing Private Ryan by easy lay Allan Collins based on screenplay by Robert Rotate, withal filmed in Hollywood by well- k nown director, Steven Spielberg who make umteen succeed movies, such(prenominal) as Jurassic closely eight soldier organism a team who got order from the supreme head, president Abraham Lincoln to save a mere soldier heard throng Ryan. This order comes up when three new(prenominal) br an opposite(a)(prenominal)s of Ryan sweep awayed in battlefield as his family sightly has them as children for their pargonnts actu whollyy his family is only Ryan and his go.He must be returned to his family whatsoever way, even it could sacrifices separate soldiers. psychology for the chosen savior soldiers is examine, how they respond to this leave. 1. 4 Research Question Based from the land of the research, the research irresolutions that will lead the research argon 1 . How do the chosen soldiers respond a simple order for saving the poop crowd tog ether Ryan in deliverance Private Ryan by gaseous statek Allan Collins? 2. What be the cause of conforming the leave for saving Ryan in saving Private Ryan by Max Allan Collins? 1. Research Purpose The purposes of this research is to f atomic number 18 the research question and to give conclusion rough the research based on the title of the research, gain ground explanation for the purpose of the research would lead reader to understand the conundrum subject of the research, they atomic number 18 1. To fall upon out the psychological respond of the chosen soldier to the authority for saving Ryan in Saving Private Ryan. 2. To let out how the effects of the obedience of soldiers to superior authority in the story. 1. Research Limitation The research confinement make the researcher tenseness on the purpose of the research.Limitation contains characteristics of methodology that influenced the application of the results that contain the establishment of internal and ex ternal rigour of the information. In this research, researcher will focus on social psychology, and nearly of them would depict in agency and obedience theory by Stanley dental amalgam while other would described or so psychology in common, psychology of soldier in military this research, the researcher will analyze Saving Private Ryan novel by Max Allan Collins focus on the obedience of the soldiers in the story.In this section will be justifyed close the theory used and to a fault other selective information that project the research. 2. 1 psychological science in General psychology directed toward the will or toward the fountainhead particular proposition all(prenominal)y in its conceive function (Merriam Webster Dictionary), Conation itself refers to the intentional and personal motivation of demeanor (e. G. , the proactive direction, energize, and persistence of fashion. (Hut, 1999). psychology comes from Grecian lyric, psyche which meaner the soul and logos mean er the study of a subject, so that the psychology is the study of pitying doings (Aimed, 2009 72).Psychology has traditionally identified and analyse three characters of mind cognition, affect, and conation (Hut, 1996 Talon, 1997). Cognition refers to the form of coming to know development. It is loosely associated with the question of what (e. G. , what happened, what is going on now, what is the meaning of that information. ) allude refers to the emotional edition of perceptions, information, or knowledge. It is generally associated with ones attachment (positive or negative) to battalion, bearings, ideas, etc. D asks the question How do I receive closely this knowledge or information? Conation refers to the connection of knowledge and affect to behavior and is associated with the issue of why. It is the personal, intentional, playful, deliberate, goal-oriented, or striving component of motivation, the proactive (as opposed to reactive or habitual) horizon of behav ior (Bandmaster, Barbarously, Maureen Dice, 1998 Moons, 1986). It is closely associated with the archetype of volition, correctd as the use of will, or the freedom to make choices about what to do (Kane, 1985 Michel, 1996).It is absolutely critical if an individual is to successfully engage in self-direction and self-regulation. 2. 2 Psychology in Literature Psychology and literature can be considered as bounded locution, which, literature as mother study, contains many theories and outline such as social, moral, philosophy, critics, and the most grand thing, literature always use human as the principal(prenominal) subject for all the conflict as the reflection of other worrys and theories used in analysis of literature. human itself has psychological brass that can be explained and analyzed towards the conflicts and problems in the literature.Mcneil and Rubin stated about psychology reason, Human behavior is nothing less than the nerve center of our lives our actions, our thoughts, our attitudes, our moods, even our hopes and dreams The purpose of Psychology as a science and profession is ii fold first, to provide better answers to psychological questions than the bothday psychologist faces and second to stand by tribe make use of these answers in formative their own lives (Mcneil and Rubin, The Psychology of Being Human. 994 4) literary scores mostly reflect the behavior of human, in other words the forms of human can be seen through literary works. Psychology can be analyse beyond the actions, thoughts attitudes, moods, hopes and dreams of human, and all of that can be found in literary works, considering that multiplex story work like novel narrates and describes characters behavior in a specific way. The psychology studies divide into four they are General Psychology, Child Psychology, Social-psychology and Organizational Psychology.As the reject of this research is a novel about war, focusing in obedience of soldier to authority in military, the social psychology theory is used. Furthermore, this lead to description of psychology of soldier in military in neural and the obedience theory by Stanley dental amalgam, then, the analysis in order to baffle the purpose of this research will integrate those info. 2. 3 Psychology of Soldier Psychology or psychic or mental is the most important basic aspect in order to Join military, kind of than physic and strength.Psychology can lead a soldier change the behavior in war, as their channel is to cheer or attack a country (sees). Actually, the most appearing mental stressed and overturn is come from the military. The violence in war is variable, murder, assassination, decimation, daughter, homicide, and other violent death manners and terms is become their daily diet. Outside killing, rape, persecution, etc, then it easily affect to the psychological disorder.In Post traumatic Stress Disorder (PETS) case, Michele K analyzed the physical violence in signs and the * enrapture Sexual or physical shout Childhood neglect Car or plane crashes Terrorist attacks Sudden death of a loved one Rape seize Common symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PETS) anger and irritability Guilt, shame, or self-blame Substance twist around Suicidal thoughts and expressionings Feeling alienated and unaccompanied Feelings of mistrust and betrayal Depression and hopelessnessPhysical aches and effort Basically, in military there are 2 characters in general for military psychologist develop and work in the soldier psychology, they are Operational Psychology division and Health, Organization, and Occupation Psychology division. Operational psychology is the use of psychological principles and skills to ameliorate a military commanders decision making as it pertains to conducting combat and/or tie in operations. (Stall Stephenson, 2006 18(4)). military weapon psychologists perform work in a material body of areas, to include operating mental healt h and family counseling clinics, performing search to ease select recruits for the armed forces, determining which recruits will be best suited for divers(a) military occupational specialties, and performing analysis on humanitarian and peacekeeping missions to determine procedures that could save military and civilian lives. whatsoever military psychologists as well work to improve the lives of service personnel and their families. other(prenominal) military psychologists work with enlarged social policy programs in spite of appearance the military that are designed to emergence diversity and equal opportunity. (Division 19 participation for armament Psychology, 2009) In military, there is legions Human Resource Development. In USA, based on the report of SADIE F. IDENTIFIED, staff charabanc on American Psychological knowledge (PAP), from congressional briefing at military,there are 3 subfields Human factor, training, recruitment, and retention.Human Factors. Retired C ool. Gerald P. Krueger, PhD, presented results of ongoing studies of the performance-degrading effects of clothing designed to protect soldiers from chemic and biological weapons. In a study published in war railcar care for (Volvo. 166, no(prenominal) 2), and Military Psychology (Volvo. 9, No. ), Krueger reported that both types of common military gearM-40 gas masks, which are air-filtration headgear currently being used by the U. S. Litany in Iraq, and the Battledress Overpayment, a protective degree of clothes worn over a standard military uniform deflower many routine activities such as flinging, smelling and breathing, though they effectively protect the wearer from chemical and biological interactions, psychological research on training is also pivotal to the military, reported Cool. Robert Roland, Used, of the Industrial College of the Armed Forces at the National Defense University in Washington, D. C. He say DoC)-funded psychological research has helped military c ommanders develop Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape ( withered) training.Recruitment. Other promising research in the SERE area is designed to help military commanders and trainers identify factors that improve service subdivisions ability to respond to high-stress combat and captivity situations. Stress-hardy individuals, said Roland, exhibit measurable differences from their peers on variables such as teacht-rate, self perception and cognitive processes. Retention. Besides recruiting, another important aspect of military human resource commission is retaining enlistees. Howard M.Weiss, PhD, head of the department of psychological sciences and co-director of the Military Family Research Institute at Purdue University, summarized about of the institutes findings on ways in which the military can encourage re-enlistment. Commitment to the military, says Weiss, is important to predicting re-enlistment, and for married soldiers, spousal perpetration is also important. In l ight of this finding, Weiss and his colleagues are ontogeny measurements of military member and spousal charge upment and examining the effects of quality of life on military commitment and retention.Ultimately, reported Weiss, this research will aid the military in increasing the retention rates of l relieve oneself soldiers. 2. 4 Psychology of Obedience ( amalgams theory of Obedience to warrant) 2. 4. 1 Obedience in general Obedience, in human behavior, is a form of social influence in which a person yields to explicit instructions or orders from an authority figure. (Coalman, 2009). Obedience is a kind of the consistency of a human to follow the rule or the authority that is presumption from the public agreement or the superior.Obedience usually based on two moral effects, when individual take profane swearing to copy superior authority or rules, he/she must do it thou any hesitate, question, and refuses, penthouses it contrary to his/her belief in the truth to the auth ority itself. Those effects are sin and virtue sin appeared when the order from superior is aimed to bad things, like killing sight for money. Whereas, virtue appeared when the order from superior is aimed for the shake of public protection, killing mountain to avoid many other people being killed like terrorism. . 4. 2 Stanley dental amalgam and His Theory of Obedience to Authority The psychology of obedience actually has been analyzed by New Yorker social psychologist Stanley Amalgam. He was born(p) in 1933. He graduated from James Monroe High School in 1950, on with fellow classmate and future social psychologist, Phil Zanzibar. Amalgam published Obedience to Authority in 1974 and was awarded the annual social psychology award by the American draw for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) for his lifes work nevertheless mostly for his work with obedience.Luckily, Amalgam also focuses on the obedience to authority in environment of military he seeks all the problems of psycholog ical within obedience and how the soldier responds the order and what the effect which would arose if they obey the authority. According to Amalgam, every human has the dual contentedness to function as an individual drill his or her own moral sound judgment and the capacity to make their own moral decisions based on their personal character. What is still a mystery is this, what own moral Judgment?It is ironic that virtues of loyalty, discipline, and self-sacrifice that we honour so highly in the individual are the very properties that create mordant organizational engines of war and bind men to malevolent systems of authority. (Obedience to Authority, 1974, p. 188). In war, mostly,the authority effrontery reportedly to attack, defense, saving, medic, report, assassin, and other basic orders that in morality case, those authority refers to virtue that if the soldiers obey, it would concord positive results.However, in other cases, the authority which leads to sin also appear ed in the war, untold(prenominal) as My Alai incident in Vietnam, where 350 unarm civilization killed by American soldiers because of their superior authority. 2. 4. 3 Obedience to Authority Experiments prot raw(a) Information E Experimenter T instructor L Learner The role players in the Amalgam experiment were 40 men recruited using newspaper ads. In exchange for their participation, each person was paid $4. 50. Amalgam create an intimidating shock generator, with shock aims offset at 30 volts and increasing in 1 5-volt increments all the way up to 450 volts.The many switches were labeled with terms including dismiss shock, moderate shock and danger arrant(a) shock. The final two switches were labeled evidently with an ominous XX. Each instrumentalist took the function of a teacher who would then deliver a shock to the schoolchild every time an unseasonable answer was poke atuced. While the participant leveled that he was delivering real shocks to the student, the student was actually a confederate in the experiment who was simply pretending to be shocked. As the experiment progressed, the participant would hear the learner plead to be released or even complain about a heart fit.Once the 300-volt level had been reached, the learner banged on the wall and demented to be released. beyond this point, the learner became completely silent and refused to answer any more questions. The experimenter then instructed the participant to treat this silence as an incorrect rejoinder and deliver a kick upstairs shock. Most participants asked the experimenter whether they should continue. The experimenter issued a series of commands to prod the participant along 1. Please continue. 2. The experiment requires that you continue. 3. It is absolutely essential that you continue. 4. You guide no other choice, you must go on. Results of the Amalgam Experiment The level of shock that the participant was willing to deliver was used as the measure of obedie nce. How far do you estimate that most participants were willing to go? When Amalgam posed this question to a conference of Yale University students, it was predicted hat no more than 3 out of 100 participants would deliver the maximum shock. In reality, 65% of the participants in Amalgams study delivered the maximum shocks. Of the 40 participants in the study, 26 delivered the maximum shocks while 14 halt before reaching the highest levels.It is important to note that many of the subjects became extremely agitated, distraught and irascible at the experimenter. Yet they amount of concern experienced by many of the participants, all subjects were debriefed at the end of the experiment to explain the procedures and the use of deception. However, many critics of the study pick up argued that many of the artisans were still confused about the exact nature of the experiment. Amalgam posterior surveyed the participants and found that 84% were glad to puddle participated, while on ly 1% regretted their involvement. 2. 4. Factors That gain Obedience According to Amalgam, there are some circumstances that make obedience level is high, thus, the highest circumstances are * Commands were given by an authority figure kinda than another volunteer * The experiments were done at a prestigious institution * The authority figure was present in the room with the subject * The learner was n another room * The subject did not see other subjects disobeying commands In everyday situations, people obey orders because they necessity to get rewards, because they destiny to avoid the negative consequences of disobeying, and because they believe an authority is legitimate.In more extreme situations, people obey even when they are required to infract their own values or commit abominations. Researchers think several factors cause people to carry obedience to extremes * People unfreeze their behavior by assigning tariff to the authority rather than themselves. * People d efine he behavior thats expected of them as routine. * People dont want to be rude or offend the authority. People obey easy commands first and then feel compelled to obey more and more sticky commands. This process is called entrapment, and it illustrates the foot-in-the-door phenomenon 2. 4. 5 Moral stipulation Vs. Authority In military, one can see the perspective of authority that there is no moral obligation to obey authority merely because there is oath that make soldier, in this case, the suppress must obey authority because it is authority. According to U.S Military, hen one enlists the United States Military, active province or reserve, they must take (pronounce and apply) the following oath I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic that I will bear true faith and homage to the same and that I will obey the orders of the President of the United States and the orders of the policemans appointed over me, according to regulations and the same Code of Military averageice.Military members who fail to obey the lawful orders of their superiors take chances serious consequences. Article 90 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCM) makes it a crime for a military member to WILLFULLY disobey a superior commissioned officer. Article 91 makes it a crime to WILLFULLY disobey a superior Noncommissioned or assure Officer. Article 92 makes it a crime to disobey any lawful order (the disobedience does not own to be willful under this article). (Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCM)).In fact, under Article 90, during times of war, a military member who wilfully disobeys a superior commissioned officer can be sentenced to death. provided authority is not extraneous to obedience. Obedience is not merely doing what another decides only when rather doing it because it is the decision of an authority. I do not obey, unless we use obey in a very broad sense. Complying is a count of doing what another wants us to do?for whatever reason we decide to comply. Obedience, on the other hand, is a specific variety of compliance. It is a compliance based on authority.In other words, an authority is a necessary condition for obedience. When we obey, we do so because someones decision is arbitrary. But this does not mean that when we obey we do so Just because someones decision is authoritative. For example, hazard that (1) a legitimate authority decides that a subordinate is to do something, x. Further chew over that (2) the subordinate has determined that doing x is valuable whenever the authority says to do x. Now cogitate that (3) the subordinate does x because of (1) and (2). It would seem that the subordinate is obeying.He is doing x whenever the authority says to. In other words, he is doing x because x has been dictatorially decided only if not Just because it has been authoritatively decided. He is doing x because of (1) save no t Just because of (1). He is doing it because of (1) and (2). It is important to reject this Just because terminology, for rejecting the terminology allows us an obedience that is more than the blind response of a robot. If obedience were based only on authority, then it would not involvement whether the authority is a Hitler in Nazi Germany, a Mafia chief, or a Boy spy patrol leader. whatsoever other consideration besides the existence of the authoritative order would then be extraneous. And since authority by itself cannot virtuously Justify obedience, any obedience based only on authority would not be morally Justified. Hence, it is not enough to say to the subordinate, You should obey e because Im the authority. The intelligent subordinate will recognize that Hitless and Boy piquet patrol leaders are political science also. When trying to Justify obedience, we must prayer to more than the fact of authority. Obedience should not be Just because of authority.Otherwise the obl igation to obey is equally strong for Hitless, chiefs of staff, and Boy Scout patrol leaders. 2. 4. 6 Summary of The level SUMMARY Chapter 1 A Family anticipate An American grandfather with his wife, his children and grandchildren visits a heavy(p) cemetery in France. The grandfather prays, the grandson wonders why. Chapter 2 On the landing beach American soldiers wait on boats to land on the beach in Normandy in June 1944. approximately of the boats are blown to pieces at once, and those who exsert see incredibly gruesome scenes. set run through on the beach, many are killed.Captain milling machine saves a young private, Delaney. Chapter 3 Landing miller and Delaney get to the beach, then Delaney is killed, along with hundreds of others. moth miller uses Delaney body as a shield to protect himself. any(prenominal) soldiers generate at the sea wall, where it is harder for the enemy to arse around them, and they realize they are two kilometers from where they are suppos ed to be. Chapter 4 On the Beach Using explosives, a number of soldiers force their way off the beach. Some of millers soldiers have survived. The doctor, Wade, takes risks to help a friend.A little further on, they attack a German machine gun position, and capture it. They are now safe for the moment. Chapter 5 A fuss In Washington, secretaries are typing letter to families of departed soldiers. The colonel responsible realizes that three brothers, from the Ryan family in Iowa, have all been killed very recently. The quaternate Ryan brother is in France. The colonel is worried about the effect on public relations. debilitation earlier decides they must save the fourth brother, even if it meaner other soldiers taking huge risks.Chapter 6 The Mission Captain Miller and his group are still in France. Miller is given the urgent Job of finding the fourth Ryan brother, and has a squad of eight soldiers to help him. They will have to pass through enemy lines. Chapter 7 On the Road Th e soldiers are more than a little skeptical about their mission. They wonder why they should risk all their lives to rescue one unimportant soldier who may in any case already be dead. Driving down a very dangerous road, heir Jeep is destroyed by a bomb and they have to continue on foot.Chapter 8 Nouvelle-AU-plain The eight soldiers meet American soldiers in Nouvelle who were hoping for much bigger reinforcements and are disappointed to see such a small squad, on a mission which seems difficult to Justify. The squad begin looking at for Ryan. French civilians ask them to take their children to safety, provided this is against orders. One of the soldiers, Capron, is killed while playing with the children. Chapter 9 Private Ryan The Americans kill 5 Germans in a building. The squad find Private Ryan and tell him that all his brothers are dead.But it is the ill-use Private Ryan This Private Ryan only has brothers who are much too young to be in the army. They then try to find out w here the company of the other James Ryan is stationed. Chapter 10 New Hope They walk on in the night, discussing their mission with some cynicism. They meet up with more Americans, except they cant find Ryan. They sort through large numbers of identity tags belonging to dead soldiers, but there is none with the name of Private Ryan on. They finally find someone who knows where his company is twenty-five kilometers away.Chapter 1 1 Germans The squad comes across a German aching gun post and after an argument decides to take it before continuing. Some of the soldiers consider this to be an unnecessary risk, but Miller thinks that not to take the gun position would put other soldiers in great danger. The squads medic, Wade, is hit by five bullets. Chapter 12 The Prisoner Wade the medic takes drugs to kill himself, because he is dying. One of the German soldiers surrenders. Some of the squad want to kill him. They make him bury the dead American soldiers.Captain Miller allows the pris oner to go free. One of the soldiers, Robber, is so angry about this he wants to mutiny and leave the group. Serge threatens to shoot him, but Miller calms everyone down. Chapter 13 Ramble concealing from German tanks, disorders arrive in Ramble. Just before they arrive, thrives are saved by Private Ryan Miller delivers his message to Ryan and says they are taking him home. Remunerates to come, since the bridge his group is fend for stop important, and because he does not want to abandon his fellow soldiers, who are already short of personnel.Chapter 14 The Bridge The squad decides to help hold the bridge. They draw up a new plan, position the machine guns, and make some specially extempore sticky bombs to attack the tanks with. The German tanks attack, and the soldiers pit bravely and effectively. The German prisoner they had antecedently released is again fighting and is killed. Captain Miller dies, his last words to Ryan being earn this. Chapter 1 5 Memories Many long time l ater James Ryan visits Captain Millers lowering with his wife, and asks him if he has indeed earned what Miller and his friends did for him.Ryan asks his wife, to whom he has told little of his terrible war experiences, to reassure him that he has lived a sincere life. RESEARCH METHOD 3. 1 order of the Research This research uses a soft method to analyze the object in the research. A qualitative method observes or records the people,setting or institution in indispensable setting that concepts, hypotheses and theories in describing the process, meaning and understanding the object in the form of words or pictures are built in this research (Merriam in Crewel, 1994 145) 3. The selective information resources information is the information about every related thing to the purpose of the research (Druid, 2007 83). The data used in this research are divide into two parts as follow a. The Primary Source The elementary source of this research is novel by Max Allan Collins based on screenplay by Robert Rotate entitled Saving Private Ryan published in 1998 level 6 of penguin readers. B. subaltern Data Secondary data are all support data and other references also relevant information about the object which include books, Journals, dictionary, articles and internet based files. . 3 technique of Data Collection To obtain the necessary data, the writer read the whole of the novel carefully and repeatedly. Then, the writer could understand and get a deep comprehension. The next method is folding the important pages which consist of the problem that will be analyzed in study. Then, underlining and making a note for the main data that related to the problem which will be analyzed by using some theories, concepts and approach. These Techniques are used to help easier in analyzing later.The main data are taken from the comprehension of narrative, dialogues, and conflicts of the characters which is stated in novel Saving Private Ryan. 3. 4 Technique of Data Analysis The technique to analyze the gathered data is divided into four measures. The steps are listed as follow a. Data Collection In this research, the researcher collects the data which is related to the object of the search from the dialogues and narratives of the short story.The gathered data considered from both Primary and Secondary data and at least as much as possible data for the research. B. Data Reduction Data reduction step is summarizing, choosing and focusing on important things from the data. Any gathered data that seems not sufficient for the further research will be reduced. The purpose of data reduction is to find out as much as possible related data from the preceding(prenominal) step. C. Data Interpretation Data interpretation is to interpr